Jacques Benveniste

Jacques Benveniste is French immunologist. When he published a study supporting a water memory effect in a 1988 Nature paper, he provoqued a huge controversy in the "established" world of science. However, Luc Montagnier, calling himself a scientific "outlaw" (which means in the end being really indipendent), supported the water memory effect of Benveniste.

• 1960:
  Jacques Benveniste qualified as a physician and practised medicine in Paris before taking a research job in cancer at the Scripps Clinic in California.
• 1980:
  Benveniste returned to France becoming the head of allergy and inflammation immunology at the French biomedical research agency INSERM (Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale).
• 1984:
  He became a senior research director
• 1988:
  Benveniste and colleagues published a study supporting a water memory effect and provoqued a huge controversy in the "established" world of science.
• 1989:
  Placed under probation following a routine evaluation of his lab. Although INSERM found that his laboratory activities overall were exemplary, it expressed severe discomfort with his high dilution studies, and criticized him for "an insufficiently critical analysis of the results he reported, the cavalier character of the interpretations he made of them, and the abusive use of his scientific authority vis-à-vis his informing of the public".^[4]
• 2002:
  Benveniste was made emeritus research director at INSERM.^[3]
• 3rd of October 2004:
  Jacque Benveniste passes away and leaves like Luc Montagnier a huge loss in the community of real indepedent science.